|
There are a number of languages in Morocco, but the two official languages are Modern Standard Arabic and Berber.〔2011 Constitution of Morocco (Full text of the 2011 Constitution (French) )〕 Moroccan Arabic (known as Darija) is the spoken native vernacular. The languages of prestige in Morocco are Arabic in its Classical and Modern Standard Forms and French, the latter of which serves as a second language for many Moroccans. According to a 2000-2002 survey done by Moha Ennaji, author of ''Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco'', "there is a general agreement that Standard Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, and Berber are the national languages."〔Ennaji, (p. 164 ).〕 Ennaji also concluded "This survey confirms the idea that multilingualism in Morocco is a vivid sociolinguistic phenomenon, which is favoured by many people."〔Ennaji, (p. 162 )-(163 ).〕 There are 12 to 15 million Berber speakers in Morocco, about 40 to 50% of the population.〔Frédéric Deroche, ''Les Peuples autochtones et leur relation originale à la terre.'', éd. l'Harmattan, 2008, p. 14, (extrait en ligne )〕 French remains Morocco's unofficial first language, and is taught universally and serves as Morocco's primary language of commerce and economics, culture, sciences and medicine ; it is also widely used in education and government. Morocco is a member of the Francophonie. == Arabic == Arabic, along with Berber, is one of two Morocco's official languages,〔 although it is the Moroccan dialect of Arabic, namely Darija, that is spoken or understood, frequently as a second language, by the majority of the population (about 85% of the total population). Many native Berber speakers also speak the local Arabic variant.〔Ethnologue report for language code: shi. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.〕 Arabic in its Classical and Standard forms is one of the two prestige languages in Morocco. Aleya Rouchdy, author of ''Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic'', said that Classical/Modern Arabic and French are constantly in conflict with one another, but that most Moroccans believe that the bilingualism of Classical Arabic and French is the most optimal choice to allow for Morocco's development.〔Rouchdy, (p. 71 ). ISBN 0700713794, 9780700713790.〕 In 1995 the number of native Arabic speakers in Morocco was approximately 18.8 million (65% of the total population), and 21 million including the Moroccan diaspora.〔Ethnologue report for language code: ary. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-23.〕 As a member of the Maghrebi Arabic grouping of dialects, Moroccan Arabic is similar to the dialects spoken in Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya (and also Maltese). The country shows a marked difference in urban and rural dialects. This is due to the history of settlement. Originally, Arabs established centers of power in only a few cities and ports in the region, with the effect that the other areas remained Berber-speaking. Then, in the 13th century, Bedouin tribes swept through many of the unsettled areas, spreading with them their distinct Arabic dialect in the non-urbanized areas and leaving speakers of Berber in isolated areas in the more mountainous regions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Languages of Morocco」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|